Non-uniformity correction of infrared focal plane array in point target surveillance systems

We discuss the influence of non-uniformity and non-uniformity correction on point target detection in infrared surveillance system, and propose a non-uniformity correction approach which is based on signal intensity and sensor characteristics. Theoretical models are used to derive the combined effect of background clutter, sensor random noise, target, non-uniformity and correction error on the signal-to-noise-and-clutter ratio. From our analysis, it can be noted that background clutter intensity is successively modulated by sensor non-uniformity and non-uniformity correction, while sensor random noise is modulated by the non-uniformity correction process only. Furthermore, background clutter and sensor random noise are the key factors that affect the performance of a surveillance system, when it is used to detect point targets. The method presented in this paper takes all of the above into account, moreover, it considers the difference between scanning and staring focal plane array. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

面向空耦电声换能器应用的高性能FEP/PTFE复合膜压电驻极体

压电驻极体(也称为铁电驻极体)是一类具有强压电效应的微孔结构驻极体材料,具有柔韧、低密度、低特性声阻抗等特征,是制备柔性空气耦合声电换能器的理想材料.针对器件对高灵敏度和高温工作环境的应用需求,本文报道高性能氟化乙丙烯/聚四氟乙烯(FEP/PTFE)复合膜压电驻极体的制备和性能表征.研究结果表明, FEP/PTFE膜的特性声阻抗为0.02 MRayl (1 Rayl=10 Pa·s/m);在小压强范围内的准静态压电电荷系数d₃₃可高达800 pC/N,且具有良好的压强特性.基于FEP/PTFE复合膜压电驻极体的麦克风的灵敏度最高可达6.4 mV/Pa@1 kHz,远高于文献报道的相同结构的压电驻极体麦克风的灵敏度,且具有平坦的频响曲线.对于直径为20 mm的超声波发射器,当驱动电压V_p为600 V时,样品中轴线上距离器件表面100 mm处, 40—80 kHz频率范围内产生的超声波的声压级为80—90 dB (参考声压为20μPa).基于FEP/PTFE复合膜压电驻极体的声电换能器的热稳定性显著优于聚丙烯(PP)压电驻极体声电换能器:在125...     

分布式通风消声板特性研究*

在隔声板结构中,分布式内嵌大量小型消声单元,在入射声波被消声单元有效衰减的同时,气流可均匀通过整个板结构,形成一种分布式消声板结构。利用平面波理论和修正传递矩阵法,建立消声板简化模型,并预测模型传递损失。加工消声板样件,实验室内测试并验证其声学及通风性能。对比隔声测试结果与预测结果,验证修正传递矩阵法针对该结构的准确性,同时验证消声板结构的实际效果。结果显示,该分布式消声板结构具有良好的声学效果,修正传递矩阵法可应用于该结构的声学性能预测以及结构设计。     

经典局域共振型水声超材料的吸隔声性能研究*

基于水声超材料吸声机理和多层平行介质平面波理论,建立局域共振型水声超材料结构,通过COMSOL进行建模计算,研究该结构的吸声性能机理,此外为了验证钢背衬的隔声性能,在该水声超材料结构基础上添加一层0.005m厚的钢背衬进行仿真对比。研究结果表明,在频段为200Hz-4000Hz时,水声超材料声学性能较好,吸声性能整体较优,且添加钢背衬的水声超材料隔声性能较优,甚至在某频率点达到15dB的隔声差值;此外通过位移场图进一步揭示水声超材料的吸声机理,发现水声超材料结构的位移场和钢背衬都对吸声性能会产生影响,钢背衬通过影响共振吸收来影响吸声性能,而位移场则通过位移幅度大小影响吸声性能。     

Three-dimensional coupled-mode model and characteristics of low-frequency sound propagation in ocean waveguide with seamount topography

Large-scale topography, such as a seamount, substantially impacts low-frequency sound propagation in an ocean waveguide, limiting the application of low-frequency acoustic detecting techniques. A three-dimensional (3D) coupled-mode model is developed to calculate the acoustic field in an ocean waveguide with seamount topography and analyze the 3D effect. In this model, a correction is introduced in the bottom boundary, theoretically making the acoustic field satisfy the energy conservation. Furthermore, a large azimuth angle calculation range is obtained by using the operator theory and higher-order Padé approximation. Additionally, the model has advantages related to the coupling mode and parabolic equation theory. The couplings corresponding to the effects of range-dependent environment are fully considered, and the numerical implementation is kept feasible. After verifying the accuracy and reliability of the model, low-frequency sound propagation characteristics in the seamount environment are analyzed. The results indicate lateral variability in bathymetry can lead to out-of-plane effects such as the horizontal refraction phenomenon, while the coupling effect tends to restore the abnormal sound field and produces acoustic field diffraction behind the seamount. This model effectively considers the effects of the horizontal refraction and coupling, which are proportional to the scale of the seamount.     

Improving sound diffusion in a reverberation tank using a randomly fluctuating surface

Underwater reverberation environments that satisfy the conditions of uniformity and isotropy of the diffuse field can be used to measure the acoustic characteristics of underwater targets. This study combines two practical indicators — the standard deviation of the absolute sound pressure field (to indicate uniformity) and the analysis of the wavenumber spectrum in the spherical harmonics domain (to indicate isotropy) — for an accurate evaluation of the diffusion of the sound field in a reverberation tank. A method is proposed that can improve the narrow-band diffusion of the sound field by employing a randomly fluctuating surface. An acoustic experiment was performed in a reverberation water tank (1.2 m×1 m×0.8 m), where a randomly fluctuating surface was generated by making waves. The experimental results show that as the wave motion contributes effectively to the random reflection of sound rays in all directions, the uniformity and isotropy are improved significantly when the surface is fluctuating randomly. This work helps to ensure accurate measurements of the characteristics of underwater targets in reverberation tanks.     

Assessment of filtered gas–solid momentum transfer models via a linear wave propagation speed test

The propagation speeds of linear waves in gas–solid suspensions depend strongly on the solids volume fraction and the wave frequency. The latter is due to gas–solid momentum transfer and allows a simple test on filtered gas–solid momentum transfer models. Such models may predict linear wave propagation speeds different from those obtained with the non-filtered model at wave frequencies higher than the filter frequency, but not at wave frequencies lower than the filter frequency.     

Reconstruction of an acoustically sound-soft obstacle from one incident field and the far-field pattern

The problem considered is that of determining the shape of aplane acoustically sound-soft obstacle from the knowledge ofthe far-field pattern for one time-harmonic incident field.An iterative procedure is proposed based on two boundary integralsrepresenting the incident field and the far-field pattern, respectively.Numerical examples are included which show that the proceduregives accurate numerical approximations in relatively few iterations.     

Methods in carbon K-edge NEXAFS: Experiment and analysis

Near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) is widely used to probe the chemistry and structure of surface layers. Moreover, using ultra-high brilliance polarised synchrotron light sources, it is possible to determine the molecular alignment of ultra-thin surface films. However, the quantitative analysis of NEXAFS data is complicated by many experimental factors and, historically, the essential methods of calibration, normalisation and artefact removal are presented in the literature in a somewhat fragmented manner, thus hindering their integrated implementation as well as their further development. This paper outlines a unified, systematic approach to the collection and quantitative analysis of NEXAFS data with a particular focus upon carbon K-edge spectra. As a consequence, we show that current methods neglect several important aspects of the data analysis process, which we address with a combination of novel and adapted techniques. We discuss multiple approaches in solving the issues commonly encountered in the analysis of NEXAFS data, revealing the inherent assumptions of each approach and providing guidelines for assessing their appropriateness in a broad range of experimental situations.